The year of Gaetano Gioia’s birth is uncertain, and may be placed, approximately, in the 1760s. Gioia was born in Naples to Antonio, an excellent dancer and teacher, and to Anna Fiori (or Carbani), and he had a brother, Ferdinando, likewise a dancer and choreographer and the principal reproducer of his choreographies. Gaetano studied dance with Giuseppe Traffieri, choreographer and ballerino grottesco, with whom he began his career at the Teatro Regio of Turin. Gioia danced in the principal Italian theatres, working with both native and foreign choreographers (such as the Frenchman Sebastiano Gallet), rising rapidly in rank (1787, San Carlo of Naples, primo ballerino di mezzo carattere; 1788–89, Regio of Turin, primo ballerino serio; 1791, La Scala of Milan, primo ballerino serio assoluto).
Towards the end of the 1780s he also began to work as a choreographer, and in June 1793 his works inaugurated the Teatro São Carlos of Lisbon. Subsequently, Gioia was active at La Scala until 1795, then in Naples (1795–1796), where he married the singer Teresa de’ Caetani, by whom he had three children, and then in Livorno, Turin, Florence, and Genoa between ’97 and ’99.
From August 1800 to May 1802 he worked in Vienna. The Viennese experience marks a turning point in Gioia’s artistic path, certainly also thanks to his encounter with Salvatore Viganò.
From then on, having left the stage, he devoted himself entirely to choreography. His very varied output ranges from the ballet Nina pazza per amore (Turin, 1799), drawn from a French opéra‑comique of 1786, greatly successful and the subject of a commedia per musica by Giovanni Paisiello in 1789, to the neoclassical ballet Cesare in Egitto (Naples 1807, San Carlo; Milan 1809, La Scala), one of his most frequently performed and praised works, later revived several times by his brother Ferdinando.
Niobe, o sia la Vendetta di Latona (Florence, 1815) is another significant ballet by Gioia; it is based on the contrast between human reality and the world of the Olympian deities, and is characterized by a complex dramaturgical structure, grand scenic effects of neoclassical inspiration, splendid dances, and particular attention to ancient customs and manners—an aspect very dear to Gioia. Testimony to this is the extensive correspondence between the choreographer and Giulio Ferrario, librarian‑director of the Imperial Royal Library of Brera, and a figure of great importance in Milanese and Lombard culture of the early nineteenth century, who also often advised Salvatore Viganò.
In the years following the Restoration, Gioia focused more on episodes drawn from true history. To this period belong Gundeberga (1817), to music by Gioachino Rossini, inspired by Ludovico Muratori’s Annali d’Italia and by the Storia della Toscana of 1815, and Il Conte di Essex (1818), to music by Franz Joseph Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven, Luigi Cherubini, and Rossini, a ballet faithfully based on the events of Elizabeth I of England.
In keeping with the Romantic sensibilities of the time, which were beginning to emerge also in much Italian choreographic production, Gioia turned toward subjects drawn from dramas and historical novels, anticipating with his choices the world of opera. Examples include the medieval‑setting ballet Gabriella di Vergy (Florence, Pergola 1819), taken from a tragedy by Dormont de Belloy of 1770, and Kenilworth (La Scala, 1823), drawn from the novel by Walter Scott—two subjects later chosen by Gaetano Donizetti for his operas.
Gioia returned in May 1824, engaged for six years, to the Teatro di San Carlo of Naples, where he presented a project for the introduction of a school of mime, to be placed alongside the school of dance, and which he himself was to direct. A prolific choreographer and highly efficient in terms of production, Gioia, through the subjects of his ballets, embraced the various genres of theatre, creating choreographies characterized by the pictorial arrangement of the many performers employed and by the realization of living works through the attentive participation of all parts involved in the production of the spectacle.
A good violinist, he composed his dances in close relation to the music and was able to adapt musical pieces chosen from the works of the most celebrated musicians of the time. Although critics of the period placed him a step below Viganò, Gioia nevertheless enjoyed broad favour among the Italian public. Together with the great exponent of the coreodramma, Gioia may therefore be considered a proponent of a new conception of Italian theatrical dance.
Source: http://bibliolmc.uniroma3.it/node/101