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Articles: Hermann Junker’s Portrait of Beethoven Composing at the Piano, Owned by the C.R.M.B.

Articles – Luigi Domenico Bellofatto – Hermann Junker’s portrait of Beethoven composing at the piano

by Luigi Domenico Bellofatto – Painting owned by the C.R.M.B.

The C.R.M.B. www.lvbeethoven.org has acquired an important portrait of the composer: the painting executed by Hermann Junker in 1869. Before discussing the portrait itself, it is useful to become acquainted with its author.

Hermann Philipp Ludwig Friedrich Junker was born in Frankfurt, Goethe’s native city, on 18 September 1838. He received his first artistic training at the Städel Art Institute, as a pupil of the renowned professor Jacob Becker. He studied anatomy and subsequently worked under Professors von der Launitz, Chr. Gustav Lucae, and Ed. von Steinle. Later, under Schög, he learned the painterly style of Professor Carl Hausmann, who at that time was active in Frankfurt. Hausmann painted in the manner of the old Dutch masters, especially Rembrandt, and Junker’s first major painting, Auerbach’s Keller (1861), fully reflects this technique. Junker visited Paris in 1862–63, where he met Courbet. He is later found in the Netherlands, studying the old Flemish masters. In 1865 he returned to Frankfurt, establishing himself permanently in his native city, which he left only for brief study trips. He died in Frankfurt on 10 February 1899.

Numerous are Junker’s paintings, the most famous of which are his portrait of Beethoven and his works on Goethe: a cycle of twelve paintings depicting episodes from the poet’s life.

For further details on these works, one may consult the following website.

His cycle of twelve paintings illustrating Goethe’s pilgrimage through existence was reproduced throughout the world and had the honour of remaining on display in its original form in the German monastery of Wolfgang’s birthplace. These paintings also enabled him to come into personal contact with Goethe’s grandchildren. Among his other works we may recall: The Examination Committee (1865); Poetry and Prose; Gretchen’s Church; and a painting and drawing of a woman during the war of 1870–71. In 1864 he published an anatomical study on the female form, followed by Mignon, Images of Ancient Jewish Family Life, and many others. In artistic circles, however, it was Junker’s Beethoven that aroused the greatest emotion, and it was reproduced many times, especially in black‑and‑white prints and lithographs. The painting also achieved resounding success at the first great international exhibition in Munich.

A German newspaper of the time described it as follows:

It depicts Beethoven at the time when he composed his famous “Eroica”. The great ancient creator of music appears absorbed in himself and removed from the world; every sharply defined feature of his face, every aspect of his gaze shows us that the noble composer is hearing for the first time the melodies that the people of his time and of posterity will hear from him in wonder and resolve, and which are eternal! The extinguished candle indicates a drowsy night and casts little light upon the master’s powerful figure; the morning light breaking through the window forms a magnificent contrast and demonstrates that Junker is a master of colour, or a pupil of the finest masters of chiaroscuro. The plaster mask brought back to life and the passionate study of all existing portraits now served as Junker’s guide in creating a head that is realistic and yet transfigured. The painting achieved resounding success at the first great international exhibition in Munich [1883].

Returning to the painting, on its reverse appears an interesting inscription on a sheet of paper that establishes its provenance:

Dem Verfasser des poetischen Beethoven-Album Herrn Hermann Landau zur f.[reundlichen] E.[rinnerung] an Herrmann Junker Frankfurt a[m]/m[ain] 1877 Aus d. Sammlung Lanna

From this it is clear that the painting was given by the artist to the scholar Hermann Joseph Landau (Prague, 19 June 1815 – Prague, 2 February 1889). Landau wrote a collection of essays on Beethoven entitled Erstes poetisches Beethoven-Album. Zur Erinnerung an den grossen Tondichter und an dessen Säcularfeier, begangen den 17. Dezember 1870, published in Prague in 1872 (second edition 1877), which may be found in full on our website in the articles section under “Beethoven-Album: ein Gedenkbuch”.

The portrait later became part of the collection of Freiherr Adalbert von Lanna, Prague (1836–1909); his collection was auctioned in Berlin in 1911. Landau lived in Prague, as did Lanna. From various newspaper articles of the time, it appears that this portrait of Beethoven was executed by Hermann Junker around 1869. It is interesting to compare this portrait of Beethoven composing with another painted around 1885 by Carl Bernhard Schlösser (born in 1832 in Darmstadt and deceased in 1914 in London), reproduced below. When placed side by side, the two works offer two romantic visions of Beethoven at work in the rooms of his home. One may say that Schlösser emphasizes more strongly the disorder of the scores and the numerous sheets scattered throughout Beethoven’s room. That Beethoven himself worked in this manner, with a small table beside the piano, is suggested not only by the nature of his sketches but also by the descriptions of his rooms provided by various visitors, some of whose testimonies are given below:

The salon in which he greeted me was anything but splendidly furnished and, moreover, was as untidy as his hair. Here I found a large old piano, and on the music stand the text of a cantata (Der glorreiche Augenblick) by Weissenbach; on the keys lay a pencil with which he sketched his work; and beside it, on a sheet of scribbled music paper, I found a series of the most divergent ideas, noted without any connection, individual details of the most heterogeneous kind clashing with one another, just as they may have come into his mind. This was the material for his new cantata. (J. W. Tomaschek, 1814)

Imagine the dirtiest and most disorderly place one can conceive: damp stains covered the ceiling; an old grand piano on which dust contended for space with various engraved and handwritten pieces of music; beneath the piano (I do not exaggerate) an unemptied chamber pot; beside it, a small walnut table frequently used by the secretary; a quantity of pens encrusted with ink, beside which the proverbial tavern pens would shine; then more music. (Baron de Tremont, 1809)

He rarely picked something up without dropping or breaking it. Thus, more than once, he overturned the inkwell into the piano that stood next to his desk. (Ferdinand Ries, 1801–1805)

While Beethoven was enjoying a beer, he would suddenly pull out his notebook and write something in it. “Something came to me,” he would say, putting it back in his pocket. The ideas he jotted down separately, with only a few lines and dots and without bar lines, are hieroglyphs that no one can decipher. Thus, in these tiny notebooks he concealed a treasure of ideas. (Wilhelm von Lenz, 1855)

When Romantic painting established itself—an artistic and cultural movement within European figurative art—a new and different sensibility likewise emerged; individuality, emotion, nature, imagination, history, and introspection were embraced. The works of Romantic painters are imbued with passion, mystery, and emotional depth.

Beethoven’s greatness lies in his refusal to yield to fate, in his determination to believe in a better future, even beyond death. His music transcends any label, inspiring generations of listeners and demonstrating his immortal stature. No musician could be more closely aligned with the ideas that Blake, Turner, Constable, and Caspar David Friedrich would soon commit to canvas.

Our painting stands as a most worthy epigone of this vision revealed to the world.

Luigi Domenico Bellofatto – Memorabilia of the C.R.M.B.: Rare Objects and Historical Mementos from Beethoven’s Birthplace

Luigi Domenico Bellofatto – Memorabilia of the C.R.M.B.

Objects, mementos, and antiques owned by the Beethoven Music Research Center www.lvbeethoven.org

Today, December 16, 2023, the birthday of Ludwig van Beethoven, we present two rarities and memorabilia owned by the CRM related to the house in Bonn where the composer was born 253 years ago. They are:

– A brick from the house with the Beethoven-Haus seal and its certificate of authenticity.

It was donated to us as a token of gratitude for a long-standing collaboration between the CRM and the BH in Bonn.

– A piece of wood from the beam in the room where the musician was born, with the two seals Beethoven used. Behind it is the BH stamp; these pieces were likely produced between 1937 and 1939 by the then owner of the house, Heinrich Hasselbach, following a restoration.

– A plate from page 106 of a first edition of a Beethoven piano sonata.

– The original note announcing the composer’s funeral, on March 29, 1827, at 3 p.m.

The Beethoven Music Research Center is enriched by a great rarity: the ORIGINAL portrait of Beethoven composing at the piano by Hermann Junker (September 18, 1838 Frankfurt a.M. – February 10, 1899).
This famous portrait has been reproduced in numerous black and white magazines, and we show it in the original colors. A sheet of paper behind the painting bears an interesting inscription:
Dem Verfasser des poeticischen Beethoven-Album Herrn Hermann Landau zur f.[reundlichen] E.[rinnerung] an Herrmann Junker Frankfurt a[m]/m[ain] 1877 Aus d. Sammlung Lanna
The painting was donated by the artist to the scholar Hermann Joseph Landau (Prague, June 19, 1815; Prague, February 2, 1889); Landau wrote a collection of essays on Beethoven entitled “Erstes poetisches Beethoven-Album. Zur Erinnerung an den grossen Tondichter und an dessen Sacularfeier, begangen den 17. Dezember 1870” published in Prague in 1872 (second edition 1877). Exclusively for the C.R.M.B.

Christ on the Mount of Olives: First Editions and Performances in Italy

Christus am Ölberge, Opus 85: Christ on the Mount of Olives – The First Performances and Editions in Italy

Unpublished article by Luigi Bellofatto concerning the first editions and the earliest performances in Italy of Beethoven’s oratorio Christus am Ölberge (Christ on the Mount of Olives, Opus 85), given during the composer’s lifetime and in the years immediately following his death, as well as the very first printed editions of the music and the libretto and their translations into Italian.

Christus am Ölberge (in Italian, Cristo sul Monte degli Ulivi), Op. 85, is an oratorio by Ludwig van Beethoven in which the emotional turmoil of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane before his crucifixion is depicted. It was begun in the autumn of 1802—as indicated in the Wielhorsky sketchbook—and completed in a very short period: in a letter to Breitkopf & Härtel written shortly after the oratorio’s completion, Beethoven stated that he had finished it in “a few weeks”, although he later claimed that the work had required no more than fourteen days to complete. The libretto was written in German by the poet Franz Xaver Huber, director of the Wiener Zeitung, with whom Beethoven worked closely. The text is freely drawn from the Gospels and concerns the moment in which Jesus prays in the Garden of Olives and his Passion.

Christ on the Mount of Olives has generally been regarded as a minor work, chiefly because of the weakness of Franz Xaver Huber’s libretto; although it is—one might say—Beethoven’s only dramatic composition, it has never been considered among his masterpieces. The composer himself, in 1811, before publication, revised the work, without however resolving its problems. As will be seen, and as Prof. Biancamaria Brumana writes, the work nevertheless enjoyed considerable success in Italy in the years that followed.


The composition of the Christus was particularly influenced by Beethoven’s frequentation of the Viennese academy, and its commission may likewise be traced back to the Masonic milieu to which both Baron van Swieten and Emanuel Schikaneder, director of the Theater an der Wien, belonged. Christus was performed for the first time on Maundy Thursday, 5 April 1803, at the Theater an der Wien; the programme of the concert, entirely devoted to Beethoven, also included performances of the Second Symphony and the Third Piano Concerto, as well as a revival of the First Symphony. The concert was a financial success, although the press expressed contrasting opinions. The Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung initially reported that it had been a great success, but several months later wrote that Beethoven’s evening had not been well received. Another journal, the Zeitung für die elegante Welt, gave a favourable judgement of the work.

As for performances, Christus was often given even during Beethoven’s lifetime. Approximately thirty‑three performances are recorded between 1803 and 1830 in German‑speaking countries, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and Russia. Sir George Smart introduced it in London in 1814. In 1830 a bold attempt was made to overcome the shortcomings of the oratorio, with the aim of rendering the work suitable to the English context. The original libretto was replaced with an entirely new one—which is not a translation and has nothing in common with the original text—and is instead based on the Old Testament story, in the Book of Samuel, of Saul’s persecution of David. The transformed oratorio, entitled Engedi; or David in the Wilderness, was published and probably commissioned by J. Alfred Novello.


Article on the first performance of the Oratorio in Vienna, from the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, vol. 5 (1802/1803), no. 29, 13 April, p. 489


Announcement of the first edition of the Oratorio in full score, from the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, vol. 14 (1812), no. 1, 1 January, pp. 3–7; no. 2, 8 January, pp. [17]–25

The libretto of Engedi is by the Irish amateur musicologist Henry Hudson. The result is one of the few adaptations of a dramatic‑musical work in which a radically different text is superimposed upon the original music. Engedi was published, perhaps for the first time, in 1857, and there is also a later edition from 1894. A particular aspect of the publication of Engedi is that it reflects the aims of Novello Publishing during the period 1837–1890. The Preface to the 1854 edition places Engedi within the context of the efforts to establish Novello as the most innovative publisher with educational purposes in what was a highly competitive and unregulated market.

In Italy, by contrast, the first foreign edition of the oratorio appeared, and Christus was among the first works by Beethoven to be published there. The score was sent to engraving by Giovanni Ricordi in September 1824 and published in April 1825, with the Italian translation of the text by Franz Sales Kandler and the composer Nicola Vaccaj. In his 1955 catalogue, Kinsky cites this edition, but gives the wrong date, reporting it as 1828.


The title page reads:

Cristo sull’ oliveto Oratorio posto in musica da Luigi van Beethoven, prima versione italiana umiliata  a sua Maestà Federica Guglielmina Carolina Regina di Baviera da Francesco Sal Kandler, membro di varie accademie letterarie, e filarmoniche d’Italia, e di Germania.

We find the announcement in the Gazzetta di Milano of 13 April: “Dai torchi di Gio. Ricordi in Milano uscirà in breve l’oratorio di Beethoven, intitolato: Cristo sul Monte Oliveto, in piena partitura al prezzo di fr. 20 in carta comune, e fr. 30 in carta velina. Quest’opera, scritta a Vienna nell’idioma tedesco, si distingue fra le classiche di quell’egregio compositore per la grandiosità dello stile, e pel mirabile accoppiamento d’idee variate e sublimi, e co’ tratti i più luminosi di una vivace ed inesauribile fantasia. Le gradevoli cantilene, la ricchezza istromentale e l’impronta del genio che in ogni nota traluce, indussero gli intelligenti a riguardare quest’oratorio come un capo-lavoro, e determinarono l’editore Gio. Ricordi ad offrirlo alla conoscenza ed ammirazione degli amatori e professori, in questa versione ed alle cure dell’edizione istessa, dall’emerito sig. Francesco Kandler, membro di varie accademie letterarie e filarmoniche d’Italia e Germania. Quest’oratorio, tradotto in poesia italiana con tata esattezza, che ben si può dire traduzione del tutto corrispondente all’originale, vedrà la luce dedicato ad altissimo Personaggio, a cui le belle arti vanno debitrici della più efficace protezione e del favore il più distinto”.

t is interesting to note that the Paris publishers A. Ferrence and M. Schlesinger issued, a few years later, the score of this oratorio not with the original German text nor with a French one, but with the Italian translation by Kandler–Vaccaj. This French edition too is unknown to Kinsky.

The knowledge of Beethoven in Italy (or rather the first printed editions of Beethoven’s works) began with piano music and then with chamber and symphonic works. One of the earliest disseminators—if not the very first—was the publisher Giuseppe Lorenzi in Florence, who began issuing several complete piano pieces by Beethoven in 1817, although the printing of “Beethovenian pieces” in Italy had begun earlier, in 1813, in Milan, with the publication by Ricordi of the first Beethoven music in the

Raccolta di varj e migliori pezzi di musica per Forte Piano del Ballo Prometeo Inventato e portato sulle scene del R° Teatro alla Scala dal Signor Salvatore Viganò.

The searches in Modena and Parma yielded negative results. The Christus was probably performed in Florence, where Adelmo Damerini discovered a copy of the programme. For the moment, he has found no further documents, not even after consulting the Gazzetta di Firenze and Vieusseux’s Antologia.

In any case, there is another indication in favour of Florence: the protagonist. F. Ceccherini (born and died in Florence, 1792–1858) was living in Florence precisely in those years, and although he possessed, as Schmidl recounts, “a phenomenal tenor voice” and was “first tenor of the Court of Tuscany”, he did not wish to pursue a theatrical career and devoted himself instead to ecclesiastical singing and teaching. He was also a composer of considerable merit, especially of sacred music.

Given his professional prestige, his religious disposition, and his exceptional qualities as a singer, it is reasonable to suppose that it was he who took the initiative to perform Beethoven’s oratorio in Florence and, consequently, in Perugia. Unless new documents suggest another solution, the singular fact remains of a simultaneous performance of Beethoven’s oratorio in two Italian cities, twelve days after the death of the great Composer.

As regards the first documented performance of the Christus, it is Pietro Lichtenthal himself who, in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung of 26 June 1824, besides specifying that the text of the Christus had been translated by Franz Sales Kandler and by the composer Nicola Vaccaj, reports a performance entrusted to amateurs, among whom were Kandler himself and the pianist Costanza Casella (daughter of the host and pupil of Karl Mozart, the eldest son of W. A. Mozart), who conducted while seated at the piano. Thus the first performance took place in Milan, on Good Friday, 16 April 1824, at the house of the imperial colonel Giovanni Casella, as part of one of the weekly academies; this occurred even before Giovanni Ricordi published the score. A libretto written and signed by Lichtenthal for this performance exists, preceding Ricordi’s printed edition of the oratorio.

Subsequently, in 1826, in Bergamo, the Christus was performed again by the Unione Filarmonica di Bergamo under the direction of Johann Simon Mayr; the Bergamo Conservatory still preserves the autograph parts (13 vocal and 23 instrumental, in many cases in Mayr’s own hand, each bearing the indication “Unione Filarmonica”). Concerning this performance, an article in the Giornale d’Indizj Giudiziarj della provincia di Bergamo of 5 October 1826 notes: “Imprevedute combinazioni interrompono alcuna volta il corso prefinito delle statutarie discipline agli applauditi lavori della nostra Unione Filarmonica; ma non per questo è da temersi possa venir meno l’ardore che, tutti d’ accordo verso li stesso scopo, guida gli egregi Socj di questo esimio musicale istituto. Chè anzi le interruzioni sono sempre compensate dalle frequenti occasioni nelle quali il pubblico ammira l’ognora crescente fervore della Società, e gode o in gustare grandiose classiche composizioni (come f in quest’ anno tra le altre l’Oratorio di Beethoven) o in udire professori e dilettami anche stranieri di merito preclaro.”

For this performance a libretto was printed in Bergamo by Luigi Sonzogni, and it is the only libretto published while Beethoven was still alive.

The following year the Christus was performed in Perugia, at the house of Marchese Nicola Antinori, on 7 April 1827 (the Saturday before Palm Sunday), only twelve days after Beethoven’s death, on the occasion of a literary gathering of professors of the University of Perugia, who contributed prose or poetic writings. The programme leaflet reads: Cristo sull’Oliveto (Oratorio, Op. 85). Programme sheet (31 × 21 cm), 4 pp. Page 1: Nel dì 7 aprile 1827, in casa del Marchese Niccola Antinori, eseguendosi da alcuni dilettanti di canto e di suono, l’Oratorio intitolato Cristo sul l’Oliveto posto in musica da chiarissimo Signor Beethoven, alcuni Professori della Università di Perugia si uniscono in letteraria radunanza coll’ordine seguente. Page 2: Programma della serata (Prolusione e 10 componimenti poetici). Pages 3-4: Testo italiano dell’Oratorio. Italian text of the Oratorio. At the end: Perugia 1827 per Giulio Garbinesi e Vincenzo Santicci, Tipografia Camerali, con approvazione.


The name of Antinori appears consistently on the title pages of librettos of works performed in Perugia: he is the owner of the house to whom honour, respect, and gratitude are owed for his hospitality. What these performances have in common is that the vocal parts were entrusted to amateurs. Amateurs, however, in the nineteenth‑century sense of the term: persons belonging for the most part to the noble class who, though well trained, devoted themselves to music disinterestedly and did not tread the stages of public theatres. The instrumentalists, too, were in fact amateurs, but in this they did not differ from the usual collaborators of the operatic seasons, who simultaneously pursued other occupations. The members of the Antinori family who appear to have been involved in music are Adelaide, Alemena, Teresa, and Girolamo. Mariotto wrote the introductory prose for the two Beethovenian academies.

There exists, moreover, another programme of the Christus that raises a problem, as Bruers reports: page 1 consists of a typographical half‑title bearing the inscription “Accademia di Corte per la sera del 7 aprile 1827”. The remaining pages follow. Page 3: “Parte Prima (vocale e strumentale)”. Pages 5-16 “Parte Seconda: Cristo sull’Oliveto, oratorio posto in musica da L.V. Beethoven”. There is no indication of the city, and the text is that of the Kandler version. It is noteworthy that the performance took place on the same evening as the one in Perugia mentioned above. Is it possible that these are two different programmes for the same Perugian performance? It does not seem so. First of all, there was no Court Academy in Perugia; secondly, in the Umbrian programme the performers are described as amateurs, whereas those of the other programme were not, as is clear from the names written in pencil on the copy in the Rolandi Collection: Christ: Ferdinando Ceccherini; Serafino: Amalia Bonini; Peter: Ferdinando Grillo. If the city of the sine loco programme was not Perugia, then in which other city was the Christus performed “la sera del 7 aprile 1827”? Florence, Modena, Parma?


Announcement of the first performance of the Oratorio in Milan, from the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, vol. 26 (1824), no. 31, 29 July, p. 512


Announcement of the Italian Ricordi edition in Caecilia: eine Zeitschrift für die musikalische Welt, vol. 3 (1825), no. 10, p. 124

Some scholars believe that the second performance took place in Naples, where in later years (in 1842) the Christus was performed under the direction of Mercadante, as well as on many other occasions, as demonstrated by the numerous manuscript scores and librettos preserved at the Naples Conservatory. The hypothesis that the two performances were given in memory of Beethoven’s death can already be excluded, since there was not enough time between the arrival of the news and the organisation of the event. Indeed, it is interesting to note that Beethoven’s death was announced in Trieste and Venice on 3 April, in Milan on the 5th, in Turin and Florence on the 10th, in Genoa on the 14th, in Bologna on the 19th, and in Perugia only on 24 April.

Moreover, the presentation of an oratorio during Lent was in keeping with the musical customs of the genre. What is certainly striking is the choice of Beethoven’s oratorio on the same day in two different cities.

The journal Caecilia of Mainz reports that the work was performed a second time in Milan; although it does not specify the occasion, it is almost certain that it refers to the performance at the Conservatory by the students, as demonstrated by the manuscript solo, choral, and orchestral parts preserved in the Library of the Milan Conservatory. Indeed, one score bears on its title page the inscription: “D’ogni intorno onore e gloria, ridotto coll’accompagnamento di Piano Forte da Frascesco Schira, allievo pensionista nell’I.R. Conservatorio di musica in Milano” with the date 1827.

On 16 April 1829 the Gazzetta Piemontese published a review of a concert held two days earlier in Turin at the Accademia Filarmonica: “L’Oratorio, Cristo al Monte Oliveto, ammiranda fattura dell’immortale Beethoven, è stato cantato la prima volta in questa Città martedì sera più per esperimento che per saggio de’ progressi degli Allievi e delle Allieve della Scuola di musica istituita sotto gli auspici di SUA MAESTA’ dell’Accademia Filarmonica. Senza parlare della parte istrumentale che, a malgrado delle gravi difficoltà di sui ribocca, venne dagli Accademici eseguita con una precisione ed un accordo superiori ad ogni elogio, è giunto di dire ad onore resi dei Cantanti, come de’ Professori – Maestri della Scuola, che la parte vocale, in cui brillarono franca intonazione, tredici voci di soprani, contralti, tenori e bassi, non ostante una quali invincibile timidità, non ha lasciato un non nulla da desiderare.”

Another performance in 1830, proposed by Giovanni Battista Polledro (who had returned to Italy after serving as Kapellmeister at the Dresden court), also at the Accademia Filarmonica in Turin, is mentioned by Giorgio Pestelli in his 1982 essay Beethoven a Torino e in Piemonte nell’Ottocento: “the Accademia mounted what appears to have been the first Beethovenian undertaking of some significance for the Subalpines, the Oratorio op. 85 Christ on the Mount of Olives, performed in Italian, which, while attesting to the seriousness of the studies pursued by the School (which contributed 13 voices), was rightly celebrated at the time as a title of honour for the Accademia.” I believe Pestelli intended to refer to the year 1829, since I have found no reference to the Christus in the Gazzetta Piemontese of 1830. The separate manuscript parts used for this performance are preserved in the Library of the Accademia Filarmonica of Turin.

In 1830 a libretto printed in Rome by Giunchi under the title Gesù all’Oliveto demonstrates yet another performance only a few years after Beethoven’s death.

In 1834 the oratorio was again performed at the house of Marchese Antinori in Perugia, and a libretto was printed as follows: Nella sera del dì 15 marzo 1834 alcuni dilettanti di canto e di suono eseguiscono in casa del marchese Niccola Antinori l’oratorio CRISTO AL MONTE OLIVETO coll’ordine seguente, Perugia, V. Santucci, 1834. Personaggi: Cristo, Domenico Furlani; Serafini, marchese Adelaide Antinori, contessa Almena Salvatori, contessa Teresa Cesarei; Pietro, Giovanni Zannoni; coro di discepoli e coro di guerrieri. Eugenio Tancioni (direttore della musica); Rinaldo Barbi (I violino e direttore di orchestra).

In Naples too the Christus was performed many times from 1830 onwards, as demonstrated by the numerous manuscript librettos and scores preserved at the Naples Conservatory; the chorus of warriors formed part of the inaugural concert of the Philharmonic Society on 12 April 1835.

In February 1842 Christ on the Mount of Olives was performed in the Church of San Giovannino at the Scuole Pie in Florence, as confirmed by the Gazzetta di Firenze of 12 February: “Nella Chiesa di S. Giovannino de’ CC. RR. delle scuole Pie di Firenze, i giorni 6, 7 e 8 del corrente colla solita pompa ebbe luogo a forma di Quarantore l’Esposizione   dell’AUGUSTISSIMO SACRAMENTO. Questa Festa solenne è dovuta alla pia Congregazione di Maria SS. ADDOLORATA & S. GIUSEPPE CALASANZIO, la quale sotto gli auspici di S. A. I. e R. l’amatissimo nostro Sovrano Leopoldo II e presieduta dall’ accettissimo e benemerito sig. cav. Andrea de ‘ Principi Corsini, Duca di Casigliano, cerca in modo non dubbio di mostrare il suo zelo. Ed in quest’anno ha perciò procurato che nella prima e nell’ultima sera degli indicati giorni venissero eseguiti due musicali famosi lavori in stile alemanno, tanto pregiato dagli esperti negli arcani dell’armonia Il primo fu il lugubre e profondamente patetico ed ispirato Oratorio del Summo L. Van Beethoven, il Cristo all’Oliveto; l’altro una scelta de ‘ più bei pezzi del severamente religioso spartito, il S. Paolo del celebratissimo Felice Mendelssohn Bartholdy”.

The Gazzetta Musicale di Milano of 27 March 1842, in a long article by Giacinto Battaglia, reports a performance at the Milan Conservatory that had taken place a week earlier, which we present here in full and faithfully.

“Non sappiamo indurci a sottoscrivere pienamente alla sentenza del sig. Fétis, al quale la partizione di Beethoven, Il Cristo oli Oliveto sembra sparsa di una tinta fredda e monotona ch’ei dice essere effetto di una soverchia elaborazione scientifica. Certo è che noi pure non vi abbiamo trovata quella ridondanza di frasi cantabili, quella ricca vena di vocali locuzioni che noi italiani amiamo a buon dritto riscontrare in ogni componimento musicale; ma chi voglia farsi ragione della natura del soggetto intorno al quale prese Beethoven a spendere le sue fantasie, di leggeri troverà a scusarlo della povertà di periodi a ritmi melodici e quadrettati (per servirci di una parola dell’uso) che se con effetto gradevole si sporgono nel pezzi scenici destinati a colpire i sensi della moltitudine radunata ne’ teatri, troppo arrischiano di imprimere un carattere di impropria volgarità alle composizioni che denno supporsi dedicate ad uditori più raccolti e desiderosi di severe emozioni anziché di sensazioni piacevoli e di molli velicament. Trattavasi di pennelleggiare coi mirabili colori della musica il gran quadro del divino sagrificio; il figlio di Dio in atto di offrire i suoi patimenti al supremo volere che il destinava all’umano riscatto. Per una sì grande e solenne pittura era mestieri che il compositore si valesse di tutte le più ardite e vigorose risorse della sua arte. La melodia col prestigio de’ suoi vezzi, colle dolcezze de’ suoi aggraziati sviluppi poteva ben riguardarsi come uno de’ migliori mezzi di effetto, ma non come il solo, e meno poi come il principale. Un maestro dotato di vena melodica più di quanta ne possegga Beethoven, ma non forte della maschia e veramente poetica sua intelligenza, avrebbe con poca difficoltà ornate le parti cantanti di Cristo e del Serafino di cantabili soavi, di gentili sortite vocali: i cori degli angioli, trattati alla foggia usitata da molti moderni compositori da teatro, sarebbersi svolti con più rotondi e simetrici giri di frasi; i ritornelli, i passi di carattere e fors’anco le cabalette non avrebbero mancato di gettare qua e là quei cari sprazzi di melodia che tanto allettano nel centoni accademici e riescono sì belli anche ridotti per ghitarra o aggiustati sugli organi che girano per le strade; ma poi che sarebbe stato del severo carattere proprio al grandioso tema del componimento? in quale modo il più solenne fatto che ricordino le sacre carte sarebbe stato interpretato dall’artista, cui è principale obbligo di subordinare nelle sue creazioni gli slanci dell’invenzione ai dettami della filosofia se pur vuole che rimangano a monumento del suo genio e non si confondano colle opere che la moda oggi corona di entusiasmo, dimani dimentica o sprezza?

Però, sebbene Beethoven in questo suo Oratorio non isfoggi esuberanza di cantilene soavi e di ben contornati e simetrici periodi, non manca di vive, colorite ed effettive modulazioni le quali sviluppandosi con perspicua finezza, e le une alle altre succedendosi e tra esse intrecciandosi con bene mascherate soture e con peregrini inganni e transizioni armoniche, imprimono al linguaggio degli affetti quell’aria di ineffabile serenità e grandezza che sola conviensi alla divina natura de’ personaggi della breve azione drammatica. E a nostro credere è poi suprema l’arte del compositore in questo che i modi del fraseggiare applicati all’uno, all’altro e all’altro di essi personaggi, il Cristo, il Serafino, il San Pietro, recano una impronta sì speciale che facile riesce l’indovinare da essa sola quale diverso modo d’azione essi abbiano nella sacra rappresentazione. Si osservi, a cagion d’esempio, con quale gastigata e affettuosa serenità si manifesti, nell’indole grave e a un tempo patetica delle modulazioni, il carattere del divino Redentore, tutto sublime rassegnazione e mistica tristezza; e per contrapposto con quale effusione celestiale esprima il Serafino i suoi sentimenti di adorazione verso la suprema virtù del figlio di Dio; con quanta aggiustatezza e sobrietà di accenti si dipinga il contrasto degli affetti da cui è commosso il coro degli angioli nell’aspettazione dell’inenarrabile sagrifizio! Né si dica che il nostro soverchio entusiasmo pel genio pittoresco di Beethoven scuota il nostro spirito al punto di farci sentire più di quanto il compositore o volle o seppe manifestare. Noi siamo certi che non potrà non essere del nostro avviso ogni uditore dotato di non volgare animo il quale si faccia ad ascoltare il sacro componimento con una indipendenza di giudizio che escluda ogni veleità di pedantesco confronto o di approssimazione con altre musiche della giornata, e si concentri a debitamente comprenderne le ispirazioni sublimi. Per l’altra specie di uditori la musica di Beethoven è parola morta. Ma finora non abbiamo tenuto discorso che della parte melodica di questa partitura, ossia di ciò che più propriamente serve alla espressione degli affetti diversi onde sono compresi i pochi personaggi della succinta ma solenne azione. Ne rimane da osservare con quale magistero sovrano il sommo compositore, mercé il sapiente uso dell’orchestra, avvalorato dai più eletti tesori dell’armonia, ottenesse di far compiuta la svariata pittura in tutte le sue manifestazioni non psicologiche, in quelle cioè, che sono meglio destinate a colpire la fantasia anziché a toccare il cuore. – E in questa parte, per quanto culto noi italiani siam tratti a dedicare ai nostri sommi compositori, Beethoven va messo al dissopra di tutti.

Ben s’appose quell’arguto critico tedesco il quale, raffigurando a foggia di una piramide la scienza stromentale, disse esserne Haydn il piedestallo; somigliò Mozart al corpo della piramide stessa, ed il grande autore del Fidelio Beethoven, al culmine; e aggiunse che, guai a chi voglia spingersi più alto! ei corre pericolo di precipitare e fiaccarsi. E per vero, la potente dottrina di ritrarre colle risorse dell’orchestra i possibili fenomeni fisici e morali, ossia di eccitare in modo lo spirito dell’uditore che abbiano a svegliarsi in esso le emozioni poco men che medesime, ove di que’ fenomeni fosse o spettatore o partecipe, nessuno più in là di Beethoven potè vantare finora. E questo noi affermiamo non tanto fondati sul giudizio de’ più dotti scrittori di cose musicali, ma ed anche pel profondo commovimento che di fresco provammo al sentire l’Oratorio di cui teniam discorso. In esso, ogni idea di artifizio scentifico o di ingegnosa collocazione e intreccio di parti è in certo modo assorbita da un misto di impressioni, le quali le une alle altre avvicendandosi o tra esse compenetrandosi, servono a far compiuta un’illusione poco men che perfetta; e, mirabil cosa! senza sussidio di apparato o finzione teatrale. costringono quasi gli occhi della nostra mente a raffigurarci dipinta dinanzi la scena, e per poco non ci forzano a credercene reali spettatori. Acciocché non si dica che noi esageriamo, ne sia lecito ricordare, per solo esempio tra molti, il magnifico pezzo stromentale che con mirabile insieme si annesta al coro de’ guerrieri giudei accorrenti in cerca del Nazareno nei mesti silenzi del monte, e bramosi di farlo prigione e trascinarlo in catene agli insulti, ai patimenti e alla morte.

Un non so che di truce e di selvaggio ci ritrae quel breve componimento; e ad un tempo, mercè i misurati ed or lenti, ora incalzanti rintocchi dei timpani, e il reboato delle trombe e il rombar sordo degli stromenti d’arco e de’ bassi, sembravi quasi udir suonare i pesanti lor passi pei tortuosi sentieri, e distinguere il mal represso fremito della loro ferocia soldatesca; indi il coro dei discepoli di Cristo si intreccia a queste pittoresche e vibrate armonie, e i lamentosi accenti di que’ miseri, e il terrore ond’ei sono compresi alla minaccia della paventata catastrofe, emergono dal contesto stromentale con si profonda sapienza di effetto e con si giusta imitazione artistica che ogni parola vien meno all’alto soggetto. Ma la sacrilega mano dei satelliti di Caifa già si impose sulle divine membra; l’infame oltraggio è consumato. Le patetiche e a un tempo serene modulazioni colle quali il Cristo esulta, nel suo dolore, del trionfo da lui ottenuto sullo spirito del male rivelano la sovrana filosofia del compositore che seppe spargere di eletta soavità i suoi canti senza d’un punto dimenticare il carattere della sacra composizione, nè ricorrere a volgari e profane melodie. Preparata con poche battute di maestoso, nelle quali spiccano mirabilmente alcune note risentite delle trombe e dei corni, irrompe subito dopo sull’ultima stroffa, con improviso scoppio stromentale, la fuga, nella quale il coro degli angioli si effonde a manifestare il giubilo delle divine schiere per la vittoria riportata dal cielo sull’inferno. E’ stupenda in questo Osanna la ricchezza delle modulazioni e delle peregrine armonie che tutte collimano a trasportare lo spirito dell’uditore in una nuova e più pura regione di emozioni e con somma potenza di effetto chiudono il sacro poema musicale. Troppo rade volte si offrono tra noi le occasioni di udire simili capolavori perchè non sia nostro dovere il commendare a nome dei buoni cultori della musica lo zelo dei valenti professori ed allievi che nella gran sala dell’I. R. Conservatorio eseguirono la mattina della scorsa domenica questo magnifico Oratorio Beethoveniano.

Nella parte stromentale l’esecuzione fu qual poteva desiderarsi da un’orchestra poco men che perfetta e intelligente; nella vocale si distinsero i giovani alunni cui furono affidate le parti principali: di Cristo, Manzocchi Luigi; del Serafino, Cella Giuseppina; di san Pietro, Bartolommeo Gandini. – I cori non mancarono di beninsieme. Lo slancio, la giusta alternativa de’ piani e dei forti, la precisione di colorito e di accordo di tutte le voci, sono pregi che di rado ponno vantarsi dalle più provette masse corali dei grandi teatri; e nondimeno nella mattinata musicale di cui parliamo furono più volte lodati con vera compiacenza. A raffronto del grande favore che gode in Italia la musica teatrale, e della facilità colla quale alla buona, alla cattiva e alla mediocre accordasi il medesimo entusiasmo, è troppo poco l’amore che si ha per le classiche composizioni de’ grandi maestri che nel vasto campo dell’arte si innalzano come fari di luce ad additare la giusta via a chi vuol mirare alla vera gloria e non si cura degli ingannevoli clamorosi applausi della turba. Non potrà pertanto encomiarsi abbastanza il senno e il buon volere di coloro che presiedono all’insegnamento del nostro Conservatorio, se non punto allucinati dalle capricciose esigenze della moda, si propongono di ripetere più spesso che non per lo innanzi gli esempli di un culto sincero ed effettivo ai più perfetti e severi modelli. B.”

On 21 August 1842 in Florence, the Christus was performed during the “Quinta Accademia Vocale e Strumentale – Conversazioni Musicali” under the direction of Prof. Ferdinando Ceccherini, in one of the halls of the Accademia delle Belle Arti. The Gazzetta Musicale di Milano, published by Ricordi on 18 September, reports that “eseguivasi circa centoventi parti fra dilettanti e professori il rinomato Oratorio Cristo sull’Oliveto di Beethoven, il quale né cori di questa sua composizione trafuse le meraviglie della sua immaginazione e della sua dottrina. Nell’esecuzione in pieno soddisfacente si distinse il tenore sig. Olimpio Mariotti”.

Another performance took place in Verona on 16 April 1847, as announced in the Foglio di Verona of that day; a repeat performance followed on 14 May 1847 together with the “Gran Sinfonia in do minore”, again within a concert held in support of the institutions founded by Don Nicola Mazza, creator of an important educational institute in Verona.

Again in Florence, on 28 April 1850, the work was performed by the Società Filarmonica; in his review in the Gazzetta Musicale of 5 May, Casamorata emphasised “quale utilità per l’istruzione degli artisti, per la formazione del gusto dei dilettanti, nel produrre bene eseguita tanta bella musica del genere dell’Oratorio, del genere ecclesiastico, del genere da accademia, di cui, per nostra vergogna s’ignora in Italia quasi pur l’esistenza!”. The final chorus was again performed in Florence in August 1851 at the Istituto di Musica di Santa Caterina.

The Christus was then performed in Rome in 1853, where the Tipografia de’ Fratelli Pallotta published the libretto, although no information survives regarding the concert itself.

It was also heard in Turin on 11 April 1854 at the Accademia Filarmonica, in the second part of a concert conducted by Luigi Fabbrica: “un pezzo veramente sublime e degno in tutto del suo celebrato nome del suo autore”, as reported in the review in L’Italia Musicale of 19 April 1854.

Again in Rome in 1860 at the Accademia Filarmonica Romana, and subsequently in 1863, as reported by the journal Boccherini on 31 December: “E’ stato eseguito il Cristo di Beethoven. Eccellente esecuzione, gran successo. Sarà ripetuto in quaresima. Lode ai direttori M. Orsini e Viviani”.

A year earlier, in Florence, on 12 April 1862, the Christus was performed within a programme devoted entirely to Beethoven, for the benefit of the Reale Società di Mutuo Soccorso fra gli esercenti l’arte Musicale in Firenze; the concert was conducted by Geremia Sbolci, director of the Società per la Musica Classica. The three hundred attendees—mostly foreigners—also heard the Fifth Symphony. The concert was repeated a week later, on 19 April. The Gazzetta del Popolo of 11 April announced this “Grandioso Concerto” at the “Sala detta del Buonumore, gentilmente concessa della R. Accademia della Belle Arti”; although “all’ingresso della Sala sarà gratuitamente distribuito il Programma insieme colle parole dell’Oratorio”, no copies have surfaced. The same newspaper, on 15 April, reviewed the evening: “Il Cristo sull’Oliveto di Beethoven è un lavoro di tal perfezione che rapisce e spaventa, esalta ed umilia; tutto un poema, tutta una scienza; l’intelletto e l’anima umana in tutto il loro potere; l’epopea del dolore rassegnato, della mestizia calma e confidente, della sublime rassegnazione. […] una esecuzione degna dell’opera e del maestro: e un sincero tributo di lode meritano gli artisti che con tanto amore interpretarono questo sì difficile Oratorio, e in particolar modo il valente direttore signor Geremia Sbolci, uno dei pochissimi sapienti cultori in Italia della musica classica.”

In Florence again, we find evidence of a performance of the Christus on 12 March 1883, as part of a series of concerts by the Società Orchestrale, preceded by the Fourth Symphony. The journal Arte e Storia of 1 April 1883 reports the event, adding: “Cristo sull’Oliveto è, può dirsi, la sintesi di tutto il cristianesimo, e perciò è un soggetto tutto affatto spirituale che non si presta ad esser tradotto in note musicali affidate a voci umane unite agli strumenti”.**

Within the “Grandi Esecuzioni di Concerti Orchestrali” conducted by Giuseppe Martucci in the Salone della Musica at the Bologna Exhibition, the Christus was heard on 22 June 1888 in the first part of the “Primo Concerto Religioso”, together with works by Bach, Palestrina, Stradella, and Marcello.

Another performance, conducted by Vincenzo Lombardi, took place on 17 March 1890 in a concert that also included music by Massenet, Donizetti, and Haydn; a libretto was printed by the Tipografia Cardone of Naples.

On the same day (17 March 1890), the final chorus of the Christus was performed in an all‑German concert at the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Trieste, organised by the Singverein. Beethoven was also represented by the Heller Quartet performing the Adagio from Op. 132, while other works were by Bach, Handel, Schubert, Brahms, and Ritter. It is important to note that a major promoter of this concert was Alexander Wheelock Thayer, the Swiss‑American biographer of Beethoven, who at that time lived in Trieste and served as president and tenor of the Singverein, the choral society of the Schiller‑Verein. The records state that “Con una circolare del 12 marzo 1888, i soci e gli amici della musica sono invitati alla fondazione di una propria Singverein (associazione corale). L’Associazione Schiller mette a disposizione il maestro di coro, il locale e l’illuminazione per poter curare mediate prove settimanali il coro misto e assicurare in tal modo un fattore indispensabile per grandi concerti”; the presidency of the choir was entrusted to Thayer, and “egli teneva risolutamente a che si osservassero forme parlamentari ed esigeva regolari verbali di tutte le sedute”.

Again in Florence, two librettos published by the Tipografia Calasanziana confirm further performances at the Scuole Pie, in 1897 and 1899. The first took place during the “ultime tre sere di Carnevale” together with Rossini’s Stabat Mater, while the second occurred on 12, 13, and 14 February 1899 as the first part of a concert that also featured the Stabat Mater by the Lucchese composer Carlo Angeloni.

Among the many performances of this oratorio outside Italy—its diffusion throughout numerous countries during the nineteenth century being remarkable—one deserves particular mention: the 1832 performance in London. This was an Italian‑language performance of Cristo sull’Oliveto at the King’s Theatre, given by the “United Companies of the Italian French and German Artists” and accompanied by the “Bands of the Opera, Ancient Music and Philharmonic Concerts”. Another Beethoven work frequently performed in Italian at Covent Garden by the Royal Italian Opera was Fidelio, as demonstrated by the numerous bilingual (Italian and English) librettos printed in London.

As for Italian editions, besides the first edition of 1825 already mentioned, Tito Ricordi issued another in 1857 based on the earlier one, which may be considered almost a reprint.

We conclude with the words of Johann Simon (Giovanni Simone) Mayr, the German composer active in Italy who conducted the Christus in Bergamo in 1826: “Beethoven: un uomo la cui fama per le più straordinarie creazioni nella più bella e sublime arte è giunta non solo a tutte le nazioni civilizzate dell’Europa, ma persino nelle più remote parti del mondo; il di cui nome viene pronunciato nel primo, allorquando trattarsi di voli più arditi e sublimi della fantasia, allorché si parla d’un fiume immenso di invenzione artistica, e soprattutto se guardasi alla perfezione della musica come arte autonoma.”



Piano reduction (first edition), published in the same year as the first edition of the full score (1811) by Breitkopf & Härtel; a singular copy survives with a handwritten English translation of the text, probably prepared for one of the rare performances in the English language, using a faithful rendering of the original text before it was entirely replaced.

Christ on the Mount of Olives – Title Pages and Contemporary Articles


“New” 1840 piano edition, Leipzig, Breitkopf und Härtel


Four‑hand piano edition, Leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1840


An excerpt from the Biblioteca Italiana o sia Giornale delle scienze e delle arti, vol. XXXIX, July, August and September 1825, containing the notice of the publication of Beethoven’s Christ on the Mount of Olives (first page)


An excerpt from the Biblioteca Italiana o sia Giornale delle scienze e delle arti, vol. XXXIX, July, August and September 1825, containing the notice of the publication of Beethoven’s Christ on the Mount of Olives (2de page)


German‑language libretto of the Christus, published in Stuttgart (c. 1830)


Libretto of the Christus published in Munich in 1840


Libretto of the Christus published in Vienna (c. 1840–1850)


Manuscript libretto of the Christus (c. 1840)


Christ on the Olive Tree published in Paris by Maurice Schlesinger, with text only in Italian, circa 1836


Score of Christ published in London in 1858 under the title “Engedi, or David in the Wilderness, a Sacred Drama


Handwritten score of the Final Chorus (circa 181) signed by Charles Haacke (1755-1819)


Score of Christ reduced for piano two hands by Carl Czerny, published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1844


Oratory libretto published in Rome in 1830 with the title “Gesù all’Oliveto” rather than the usual “Cristo sull’Oliveto”


Score (first edition) of the Oratorio published in Leipzig by Breitkopf & Härtel, 1811


Reduction for ByC plan. Geissler and F. Liszt, 1857


Reduction for piano and text ByCarl Reinecke, Leipzig,Breitkopf und Härtel, 1893


Score from Series 19 of the Gesamtausgabe, Leipzig, Breitkopf & Härtel, 1863


Christ in the Olive Grove, Oratorio set to music by Louis van Beethoven, first Italian version “umiliata” to Her Majesty Frederica Wilhelmina Caroline, Queen of Bavaria, by Francesco Sal Kandler, member of various literary and philharmonic academies in Italy and Germany; Milan / Florence, Ricordi, 1825.
First Italian edition and first foreign edition of this work


Cristo all’Oliveto. Oratorio for soprano, tenor, bass, and chorus with orchestra.
Milan, Tito di Gio. Ricordi, 1858


An English edition published in Boston by P. Reed, 1853 under the title Engedi


1821 edition for piano Leipzig, Breitkopf und Härtel with signature of the tenor Joseph Tichatschek (1807-1886)


Cristo sull’ oliveto Oratorio. First French edition, but with text only in Italian. Paris, A. Farrenc, Carli, Frey, Janet, Cotelle, 1827; detail of a copy signed by A. Farrenc and his handwritten translation into French.


Cristo sull’ oliveto Oratorio. First French edition, but with text only in Italian. Paris, A. Farrenc, Carli, Frey, Janet, Cotelle, 1827; detail of a copy signed by A. Farrenc and his handwritten translation into French.


Le Christ au mont de oliviers : oratorio musique du célèbre L. v. Beethoven. Dédié à sa Majesté Fréderica Guillelmine Caroline Reine de Bavière. Op. 85. Accompagnement de piano ou orgue par M.r Tadolini. Paroles italiennes de F. S. Kandler. Traduction française de C. de Charlemagne. Paris, M.me V.ve Launer, 1841. Text in Italian and French. Giovanni Tadolini was a composer active in Bologna and Paris.


Le Christ au mont de oliviers : oratorio musique du célèbre L. v. Beethoven. Dédié à sa Majesté Fréderica Guillelmine Caroline Reine de Bavière. Op. 85. Accompagnement de piano ou orgue par M.r Tadolini. Paroles italiennes de F. S. Kandler. Traduction française de C. de Charlemagne. Paris, M.me V.ve Launer, 1841. Text in Italian and French. Giovanni Tadolini was a composer active in Bologna and Paris.


Libretto of Christ performed on 7 April 1827 at a Court Academy (presumably in Florence)


Libretto of Christ performed on 7 April 1827 at a Court Academy (presumably in Florence)


Libretto of Christ represented in Perugia at the home of the Marquis Antinori on 7 April 1827


Libretto of Christ represented in Perugia at the home of the Marquis Antinori on 7 April 1827


Libretto of Christ performed in Rome in 1853


Libretto of Christ represented in Florence at the Pier Schools in 1899


Libretto of Christ performed in Florence in 1899


Concert libretto held in Germany, February 5, 1831, for the concert year 1830 – 1831.


A performance in Brussels on 9 April 1816, note Beethoven’s name changed to a Flemish “L. Vanbeethoven”


Second edition printed by Breitkpof & Haertel in Leipzig in 1811


Jesus vid oljoberget : oratorio af Beethoven. Libretto published in Stockholm in 1814


An undated booklet with the text of Christ in the 1811 version


Den sidste time paa Oliebjerget: Oratorium til Musik af Beethoven. Libretto published in Copenhagen in 1822


Libretto of a performance of Christ in Altona in 1838


Booklet of Christ published in Sweden in 1841


Libretto published in Vienna in 1861


First libretto of Christ published in Italy in 1826 for performance in Bergamo by the Unione Filarmonica By Mayr


Text of Christ published in Florence in 1842


Libretto published in Naples in 1845


Libretto of Christ represented in Florence at the Pier Schools in 1897


Printed booklet of Christ published in Naples in 1890


Page from the 1828 Ricordi catalog with mention of Cristo sull’Oliveto. Beethoven was often written as Beethowen in Italy, and this is an example.


Libretto of “Mount of Olives” performed in London in 1815 by George Smart


1814 announcement of the Oratorio in London for its first performance By George Smart


Above: In 1827, in commemoration of Beethoven’s passing, excerpts from the oratorio were performed at the Milan Conservatory. The manuscript of the chorus is preserved in the Library of the Institute. “D’ogni intorno onore e gloria”. Si legge “Coro / Del Sig.r M.o Beethoven / Ridotto coll’accompagnamento di Piano Forte / da / Francesco Schira / Allievo Pensionista dell’ I.R. Conservatorio di musica in Milano – 1827”. The names of the performers written on the score belong to students of the Milan Conservatory who were enrolled in the year 1827.

Christ on the Mount of Olives – A Most Fascinating Discovery

This Christ on the Mount of Olives was performed in Milan on Good Friday (16 April) 1824 at the house of the imperial colonel Giovanni Casella, roughly twenty years after the Viennese premiere. Peter Lichtenthal specifies in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung of 26 June (vol. XXVI, p. 512) that the text had been translated by Franz Sales Kandler and by the composer Nicola Vaccaj, and that “l’esecuzione era affidata per la maggior parte a dilettanti, tra i quali la moglie del colonnello e il Kandler stesso e, dirigeva, sedendo al pianoforte, l’eccellente pianista Costanza Casella figlia dei padrone di casa e allieva di Karl Mozart, il maggiore dei figli di W.A. Mozart”. The discovery of this highly important libretto, however, while confirming the presence of some twenty amateur musicians, adds information that goes beyond what Lichtenthal reported; namely, that the cellist was a certain “Conte Burry” (perhaps a relative of the musician Bernard de Bury) and—crucially—that the conductor was the “Sr. Mozart”.

Thus it appears that this first performance of the Christus was entrusted to the direction of Carl Thomas Mozart (Vienna, 21 September 1784 – Milan, 31 October 1858), second son of the great Mozart, who arrived in Milan in 1805 with a letter of introduction from Haydn recommending him to Bonifazio Asioli (Correggio, 30 August 1769 – Correggio, 18 May 1832).

In 1810 he abandoned his musical studies to become an official in the service of the Viceroy of Naples in Milan. Having become an employee of the Austrian Imperial Archive in Milan, the excellent musical references he had received in Prague and Milan enabled him to preside over the city’s musical activities, which he regarded as his second homeland. He frequently took part in performances of his father’s operas until his death in 1858. His passing marked the end of the Mozart lineage.

Returning to the page of the libretto reproduced here, at the bottom of the page, on the right, one can observe Kandler’s autograph signature. Indeed, this translation found in the bilingual libretto was entrusted to Franz Sales Kandler and Nicola Vaccaj, and was used by Ricordi for the edition published towards the beginning of September 1824.

Fr. S. Kandler (1792–1831), an official of the Austro‑Hungarian Empire and a pioneer of historical‑musical studies, laid the foundations of European musicology. Nicola Vaccaj (1790–1848) resided in Venice, Trieste, and Vienna, and arrived in Milan in 1823 with the hope of being appointed as a teacher at the Conservatory, of which he was named censore in 1838. He probably collaborated on the rhythmic translation of Beethoven’s oratorio and subsequently on the translation of Fidelio in 1841, also in Milan.

Luigi Della Croce Turns 90 – 2 September 2017

Luigi Della Croce compie 90 anni

Il grande musicologo Luigi Della Croce di Dojola compie 90 anni e con qualche giorno di anticipo sulla data di nascita, il giorno due settembre 2017 ho avuto l’ onore di essere ospite nella sua tenuta presso San Giorgio Canavese (TO) presenti anche Luigi Domenico Bellofatto e Benedetta Saglietti